- Industry: Oil & gas
- Number of terms: 8814
- Number of blossaries: 0
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A thin nonelectric cable used for selective placement and retrieval of wellbore hardware, such as plugs, gauges and valves located in sidepocket mandrels. Valves and sleeves can also be adjusted using slickline tools. Partially collapsed tubing can be repaired using a tubing swage on slickline.
Industry:Oil & gas
A thick, viscous emulsion containing oil, water, sediment and residue that forms because of the incompatibility of certain native crude oils and strong inorganic acids used in well treatments. <br><br>Use of certain additives, such as surfactants, or the presence of dissolved iron can promote sludge formation, especially if asphaltenes are present in the crude oil. Therefore, it is important to test a sample of crude with the treating fluid before injecting a treatment into a reservoir.
Industry:Oil & gas
A thermal production method for heavy oil that pairs a high-angle injection well with a nearby production well drilled along a parallel trajectory. The pair of high-angle wells is drilled with a vertical separation of about 5 m (16 ft). Steam is injected into the reservoir through the upper well. As the steam rises and expands, it heats up the heavy oil, reducing its viscosity. Gravity forces the oil to drain into the lower well where it is produced.
Industry:Oil & gas
A theory for acoustic propagation in a porous and elastic medium developed by M. A. Biot. Compressional and shear velocities can be calculated by standard elastic theory from the composite density, shear and bulk modulus of the total rock. The problem is how to determine these from the properties of the constituent parts. Biot showed that the composite properties could be determined from the porosity and the elastic properties (density and moduli) of the fluid, the solid material, and the empty rock skeleton, or framework. To account for different frequencies of propagation, it is also necessary to know the frequency, the permeability of the rock, the viscosity of the fluid and a coefficient for the inertial drag between skeleton and fluid. <br><br>Unlike the Gassmann model, the Biot theory takes into account frequency variations, and allows for relative motion between fluid and rock framework. As a result, it predicts some of the observed changes in velocity with frequency, as well as the critical frequency below which the Gassmann model is valid. It also predicts the existence of a so-called slow wave in addition to the shear wave and the compressional, or fast wave. The slow wave arises when the fluid and the skeleton move 180<sup>0</sup> out-of-phase with each other. Its velocity is related to fluid mobility, but unfortunately has been observed only in the laboratory, not on logs. At logging frequencies, it degenerates into a diffusion phenomenon rather than a wave, and is apparently too highly attenuated to be observed in real rocks. However, in permeable formations, the Stoneley wave couples into the slow wave, causing the attenuation and dispersion that allow the measurement of Stoneley permeability. <br><br>The full Biot theory is used mainly to analyze laboratory data. For practical log interpretation, it is more common to use the simpler Gassmann model. <br><br><br>Reference:<br><br>See Biot MA: Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid: I Low Frequency Range, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 28, (1956):168-178. <br><br> Biot MA: Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid: II Higher Frequency Range,Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 28, (1956): 179-191.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test, or series of tests, performed to check that no undesirable reactions occur with a specific fluid. The testing process may include checks for compatibility with other treating fluids, wellbore fluids, reservoir fluids and the reservoir formation. In extreme cases, the mixing of seemingly benign fluids can create significant reactions that may damage the reservoir permeability permanently.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test to detect hydrogen sulfide in a fluid by discoloration of a paper moistened with the lead acetate solution. It is important to determine the presence and amount of hydrogen sulfide because this gas is extremely poisonous, highly flammable, explosive and corrosive.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test performed to ensure stable well conditions or the integrity of a plug, valve or flow-control device. In most cases, the flow check involves observing stable fluid levels or conditions for a prescribed period.
Industry:Oil & gas
A test performed in preparation for a hydraulic fracturing treatment in which an injection fluid is injected for a defined period in a series of increasing pump rates. The resulting data are used to identify key treatment parameters of the fracturing operation, such as the pressure and flow rates required to successfully complete the treatment.
Industry:Oil & gas
A term used to describe water produced from a wellbore that is not a treatment fluid. The characteristics of produced water vary and use of the term often implies an inexact or unknown composition. It is generally accepted that water within the pores of shale reservoirs is not produced due to its low relative permeability and its mobility being lower than that of gas. <br>
Industry:Oil & gas
A term used to describe the flow pattern where two or more fluid phases may be present in a relatively even distribution. The flow rate and conduit geometry may cause an apparent mixing of the phases. However, if the flow characteristics are changed through flow rate or conduit geometry, fluid separation may occur. Fine solids also may be entrained in a commingled flow. Commingled flow may also describe the production of fluid from two or more separate zones through a single conduit.
Industry:Oil & gas
