- Industry: Culture; Government
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The Library of Congress is the U.S. oldest federal cultural institution and serves as the research arm of Congress. It is also the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings, photographs, maps and manuscripts in its collections.
A term referring to political and ideological attitudes prescribed by Maoist doctrine. Usually juxtaposed with "expert" (q. V. ), the term was seldom used in the 1980s.
Industry:History
A wall in the Xidan district in Beijing where, beginning in December 1978, in line with the party's policy of "seeking truth from facts," activists in the democracy movement recorded news and ideas, often in the form of big-character posters (q. V. ). These activists were encouraged to criticize the Gang of Four and previous (failed) government policies, but the wall was closed in December 1979 when the leadership and the communist party system were being criticized along with past mistakes and leaders. The shutdown coincided with suppression of political dissent.
Industry:History
Mutuo respeto por la integridad territorial y soberanía; no agresión mutua; no interferencia mutua en los asuntos internos del otro; igualdad y beneficio mutuo; y la coexistencia pacífica. Se originó con un acuerdo de 1954 entre Zhou Enlai y Jawaharlal Nehru de la India.
Industry:History
A slogan introduced by Mao Zedong in 1940, noted again by Liu Shaoqi in 1958, and used more frequently in connection with leftist attacks on the "cultural front" in late 1965 and early 1966. The expression was used to denote the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a political campaign officially inaugurated in August 1966 to rekindle revolutionary fervor of the masses outside formal party organizations. The Cultural Revolution decade (1966-76) can be divided into three periods: 1966-69, from the militant Red Guard (q. V. ) phase to the Ninth National Party Congress; 1969- 71, the period of the zenith and demise of Lin Biao; and 1971-76, the period of Mao's declining health and the ascendancy of the Gang of Four (q. V. ). At the August 1977 Eleventh National Party Congress, the Cultural Revolution was declared officially to have ended with the arrest in October 1976 of the Gang of Four.
Industry:History
The total value of final goods and services produced in the economy. The "estimated GNP" figures used in the text are estimates by United States government analysts of Chinese GNP according to the U. S. Definition, which includes personal consumption, gross investment, all government expenditures, and net exports. Through mid-1987, Chinese calculations of national income excluded government and personal services, passenger transportation, and depreciation investment.
Industry:History
Ocho partidos políticos que han sido leales al gobierno comunista desde 1949. Son la Asociación China para la promoción de la democracia, Liga Democrática de China, Asociación de construcción nacional democrática de China, China Zhi Gong Dang (partido de interés público), los campesinos chinos y trabajadores partido democrático, sociedad Jiusan (tercero de septiembre), Comité Revolucionario Guomindang y Liga de autonomía democrática de Taiwán.
Industry:History
Según lo utilizado por los comunistas, el término se refiere a las tendencias políticas, económicas y sociales que se desvíen hacia la derecha del ortodoxo marxismo - leninismo. Los comunistas chinos largos insistió en que estas tendencias eran contrarrevolucionarias y que los enemigos internos y externos (como la Unión Soviética) estaban infectados por este fenómeno negativo.
Industry:History
China's monetary unit, which in mid-1987 had an exchange rate of US$1 to -Y3. 72, or -Y1 to US$. 269. The yuan is divided into 100 fen, and 10 fen constitute 1 jiao. The currency is known as renminbi (RMB), meaning the people's currency. The inscription renminbi (or renminbiao) appears on bank notes as well as yuan, and the terms renminbi and yuan are used synonymously in quoting exchange rates. In transactions the terms are universally replaced by the word kuai (piece). Beginning in the early 1980s, the standard currency was paralleled by a special currency called Foreign Exchange Certificates, which were issued in exchange for "hard" foreign currencies.
Industry:History
En términos marxistas, el conflicto librado por las masas de los trabajadores y los oprimidos bajo el liderazgo del partido comunista contra los privilegiados, opresiva y propiedades gobernante clase. Hasta fines de 1978, lucha de clases era la línea oficial del partido comunista chino.
Industry:History
Unit pemerintah dasar administrasi di bawah tingkat kabupaten di daerah pedesaan. Kota-kota ada sebelum komune rakyat diselenggarakan pada tahun 1958 dan telah dibentuk kembali ketika produksi brigade dan komune dibubarkan selama periode 1982-85. Kota masing-masing memiliki orang kongres dan ketua terpilih. Pada pertengahan 1980-an, kota-kota adalah tentang ukuran yang sama dengan komune mereka telah diganti. (Lihat juga daerah, komune rakyat, brigade produksi.)
Industry:History
